The widespread consumption of electronic devices has made spent batteries an ongoing economic and ecological concern. E-waste (electronic waste), also known as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), has become one of the fastest growing waste streams worldwide.

However, global e-waste management practices are still hampered by many barriers and challenges financially, technologically, legislatively, and managerially. And there is need for solutions capable of overcoming the e-waste barriers and challenges, achieving sustainable e-waste management.